Chemistry Grade 11 - Article Reviews, Important Scientists and Career Reports
Natalie Perry
Article Reviews
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Summary: Researchers are finding ways to create a longer-lasting battery. They have found how to make fluoride batteries function using liquid components, which easily work at room temperature. Previous fluoride batteries were produced with solid components allowing the batteries to only work at high temperatures. These batteries could last up to eight times longer than normal batteries. Typical household batteries are currently produced with lithium (positively charged cations) while fluoride is a negatively charged anion. There are both pros and cons to working with anions in batteries rather than cations. Fluoride anions produce energy when combined with an electrolyte solution and have been shown to be much more practical than the previous fluoride batteries. This could lead to batteries being produce with fluoride rather than lithium, requiring less energy to charge and are much longer-lasting.
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Summary: Consumers are becoming more confused on how to dispose of their plastics properly. Bio-based plastics are produced from biological resources yet are not all biodegradable. These plastics are all classified under No. 7 in the recycling identification codes. Biodegradable refers to the ability of a plastic to decompose. Not all biodegradable plastics are produced from bio-based plastics and biodegradable plastics are more strictly classified in the recycling identification codes. Chemist Love-Ese Chile says “We need legislation for labelling, we need better infrastructure for breaking them down and recycling.” Right now plastics are accumulating in landfills and oceans because they are not being disposed of properly. If humans don’t change as a whole to help our environment, there will be catastrophic consequences like plastic overpopulating fish in the ocean by 2050. Humans need to change their ways to reduce the overall use of plastics.
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Summary: Researchers and scientists in belgium have discovered a chemical process that makes it possible to convert plant cellulose into gasoline through a two-step process. This allows industries to have access to being able to produce cellulose gasoline, emitting less Greenhouse Gases in the process. Cellulose gasoline is still mixed with regular petroleum for the moment and will never be sources a hundred percent from raw renewable materials. Yet cellulose gasoline offers a greener alternative to regular gasoline that our vehicles on the roads currently use. This is a step in reducing the use of petroleum gaonline, a nonrenewable resource humans are extremely reliant upon that produce many of the Greenhouse Gases causing our current and future environmental problems.
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Summary: It has been found that aluminum oxide nano-filters can be used to filter water contaminated with heavy metals. Aluminum oxide is produced through a reaction between solid aluminum and liquid gallium metal at room temperature. These reactants create a layer of very porous aluminum oxide, which is very useful for filtering contaminated water. Researchers found that aluminum oxide is a good nano-filter for removing heavy metal contaminants along with oil contaminants in water very quickly and efficiently. This is extremely beneficial for countries like in Africa and Asia with poor water quality. It would allow the countries’ populations to have access to clean water much more easily. This is an inexpensive filter that will remove contaminants from water in minutes.
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Summary: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has announced that the Permian Basin (a province including a series of basins in west texas and Southerns Mexico) contains around 46.3 billion barrels of oil, 28 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 20 billion barrels of natural gas liquids. In 2016, some basins began to be used industrially, but this recent discovery of more basins containing resources to produce petroleum is more than two times larger than what was originally being used. These basins are already one of the most productive areas for oil and gas in the entire United States. New technologies have helped improve the discovery and extraction of these resources.
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Summary: The United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration released a report stating that the Arctic had its second hottest year on record in 2018, the warmest year on record being 2016. The arctic has become increasingly warm, at about double the rate of the rest of the planet. This is affecting the shape and strength of the jet stream air current. This current influences weather in the Northern Hemisphere of the globe. The change in the jet steam would explain the abnormal weather events and changing weather patterns are are currently occurring. It also is a threat to the many species that have a habitat in the Arctic such as polar bears, penguins and leopard seals. This is proof that climate change is occurring and human activities (including the use of fossil fuels) will cause a drastic impact in the next century.
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Summary: According to the Global Carbon Project, Carbon Dioxide emissions have risen an estimated 2.7% between 2017 and 2018. This means that many of the goals that were agreed upon in the Paris Climate Accord Agreement in 2015 almost unreachable. Humans are aware of the danger of carbon dioxide emissions, yet it seems the levels of emissions just keep rising indicating that humans are not living more sustainably. There are hardly any alternatives for consumers to consider, and the alternatives are very expensive to purchased since it costs more for manufacturers to produce. This finding is not surprising at all considering that according to the article 81% of the world's energy use is through fossil fuels, huge greenhouse gas emitters.
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Summary: In 2017, it has been found that 1.24 million lives were taken due to polluted air in India and more than half of these people that died were under seventy years old. If the air quality was at healthier levels, the life expectancy in India last year (2017) could have been higher by 1.7 years. The effect of toxic air in the cities of India is not as bad as previously thought, yet it still quite a substantial negative impact on the health of the cities’ populations. This indicates that the air quality of the air we breathe in does have an impact on our health and well-being. If climate change and the impact that greenhouse gas emissions is not started to be taken seriously, there will be harsh consequences to the current societies that currently exist in the world.
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Summary: Large amounts of methane gas are tapped to ocean sediments. These sediments are a massive strehouse for methane. Researchers were worries that if these large methane hydrates begin to be released, there would be a large impact on the advancement of climate change. Instead they are finding that microorganisms are degrading the methane when it is released from the ocean floor. Methane is only harmful to the environment if it reaches the atmosphere. With the help of these microorganisms, very small amounts of methane actually reach the atmosphere. This indicates that ancient methane emissions have a very small impact on the advancement of climate change in the present, especial when compared to other harmful gases and chemicals that were emitted from other human activities.
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Summary: Certain species of liverworts have been found to procude a cannabinoid that can reduce the effects of pain signals like the chemical Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) found in marijuana. The chemical compound perrottetinene found in liverwort was tested on human brain cells and experimental mices. In both cases, the experiments demonstrated that the chemical easily attaches to the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, which ultimately reduce the effect of pain signals. The difference is the perrottetinene has less psychoactive side-effects that THC like memory loss or loss of coordination. Marijuana has been shown to be extremely important in many medical cases yet there are also some negative side-effects associated to THC in marijuana. This discovery could lead to the production of a similar drug to marijuana, while reducing the harmful effects associated with it. The only complication is that liverwort plants produce little perrottetinene therefore you need a large amount of liverwort to produce a small quantity of the chemical.
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Summary: Scientists have discovered that plants respond to threats or dangers (like if a leaf is getting slashed or squised or eaten by a predator). Researchers used a glowing green protein to trace calcium along with electrical messages that occured within the plant under a microscope. They found that plants can communicate with each other as long as they are connected vascularly. Glutamate will initiate the release of calcium ions, which carry a positive charge, which are then transmitted throughout the appendages of the plant. The release of glutamate along with the wave of calcium ions will travel throughout the plant quite quickly once its it wounded, warning ye rest of the plant that there is danger. Wherever the calcium spread within the plant, jasmonic acid was produced. This acid is known as the strong defense and stress hormone in plants, activating the plant’s chemical and/or physical defenses. Even Though plants are stuck into place, they are not as passive as they once were thought of being. This is also proof that all eukaryotes have similar adaptations considering humans release calcium ions when stressed as well.
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Summary: Scientists want to make sure that if an experiment is conducted, it should be professionally conducted and recorded so that the results of the experiments can be posted with public access. Scientists in psychology are especially having trouble replicating previous findings. This is causing professionals to ensure that with the influx of experimenting in microdosing psychedelics such as Lysergic Acid diethylamide (LSD) and psychedelic mushrooms (such as psilocybin), all results are recorded properly and are able to be replicated. To show their integrity, scientists conducting these types of experiments should follow the process of open science. Open science involves creating a hypothesis and pre-registering it before beginning any research, and publishing all of the results once the research and experiment are complete. Currently many experiments in the field of psychology, especially with psychedelics, have not been undergoing pre-registration causing the results to be inconclusive. Encouraging pre-registering could lead to more reliable results that will be able to be replicated when it comes to psychedelic research or just scientific experiments in general.
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Summary: Plastic alternatives currently being used to replace bisphenol A (BPA) may have similar impacts to our health compared to BPA plastics. Scientists discovered that when lab rats were exposed to althernatic bisphenols, they developed similar abnormalities to those seen in studies conducted with BPA (especially in chromosomes). Even if a plastic product indicates that it is BPA-free, does not been it is not harmful to our health especially if the plastic is damaged or aging.
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Summary: Researchers at Washington State University have found a way to use pine resin (oleoresins) as a green alternative for fossil fuels and oil-based products currently being used today. Oleoresins is the defense mechanism for certain conifers like the loblolly pine. Harro Bowmeester, a Dutch biologist what commented on this research stated “ this could result in robust pine tree genotypes that can compete with classical oil-based chemistry for the production of green chemicals through forest plantations.” This research could lead to the discovery of a green alternative using chemicals from conifer plants. This would reduce if not eliminate the use of fossil fuels and help reduce climate change.
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Summary: Victor Batista and his colleagues have been able to identify key amino acids in the regulation of a bacterial enzyme found in most organisms. They were able to identify the amino acid within the enzymes using the google algorithm Pagerank. This research has lead to additional experiments being performed related to imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS), a bacterial enzyme found in most microorganisms. This could lead to the development of new antibiotics, herbicides and pesticides.
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Summary: Patrick Kyle, the director of clinical chemistry and toxicology at the University of Mississippi Medical Centre and his pathologist colleague are hoping to address when fakers and scammers are using a synthetic (illegal) form of urine to be able to have access to pain medication and/or narcotics. Instead of only looking for illegal substance in the urine sample, they also test the specimen for legal substances. They are looking for compounds naturally produced in our bodies when we ingest chocolate, coffee, tea, cigarettes and urobilin. They found through testing that synthetic urine specimens did not contain any of the four substances while subjects that were observed collecting their urine contained at one one of the four substances in their sample. This does not necessarily mean that there is criminal activity involved, yet it can indicate attempted deception. It can help reduce the distribution of unnecessary pain medication that could be turned around and sold/used on the street.
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Summary: Researchers in China have discovered a kind of adhesive material that will adhere to wet materials and can be removed using a specific light frequency. This is a non-invasive and painless alternative to normal bandages that use covalent bond and/or physical interactions. These new bandages use a process called topological entanglement to form a network of aqueous polymer chains adhering to two non-stick materials together. The strategy was tested on many material and was seen to adhere to many different types of materials such as hydrogels or living tissues.
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Summary: It has been found that as plastic degrades in oceans, plastic nanoparticles are left behind. Studies show that 10% of plastics produced end up in our oceans. These plastics degrade with the help of ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or the strong motion of the waves in the ocean causing them to crash into hard rocks and disintegrate. Scientists have seen through experiments that plastic nanoparticles can enter a fish’s brain, disrupting the fish’s behaviour. This is proof that plastic nanoparticles left behind in oceans or in any environment can have an adverse impon the the surrounding environments and living organisms. This is just the beginning of many studies being done to research the distribution of plastics among organisms and identify nanoplastics in the environments.
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Summary: A team of doctors at Imperial College in London have found that using/incorporating Traction Force-Activated Payloads (TrAPs) into existing medical materials allows the materials to actively interact with body tissues and the natural repays systems that drive healing in the body. They found through lab experiments TrAPs proteins instruct healing cells to grow and multiply. This is the first time scientists have activated healing proteins using different types of cells in human-made materials. The technique imitates healing methods found in nature. TrAPs are easy to create, adaptable to different types of cells and can therefore be used in a variety of injuries and scenarios.
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Summary: Cynthia Kartey, a chemical engineer has found that the process of biorefineries can be used to turn the complex polymers in pine needles into simple, high-valued industrial chemical feedstocks. The pine needles produce bio-oil and bio-char when broken down. Bio-oil can be further broken down to produce glucose (which can be used in food as a sweetener), sugars and phenolics (which can be used in household cleaners and mouthwash).
Contribution of a Scientist (1 per unit)
Unit B: Matter, Periodic Trends, and Chemical Bonding
Helped understand the properties of materials through analysis of structural chemistry making a significant contribution in the analysis of transition metal oxides
Synthesized 2D oxide materials
Presently working on contributing to the discovery of hybrid materials and has made significant contributions in the discovery of nanomaterials
Other information: Currently also serves as Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India. He received the highest civilian honour in 2014, only the third person to do so in India to date
What does it make YOU wonder about? It makes me wonder about what other materials have yet to be discovered. Maybe there are solid materials that can be used as alternatives to our current materials if it is necessary or a better environmental option.
Unit C: Chemical Reactions
Area of Specialty: Founder of quantum chemistry, molecular biology and molecular genetics. Created the concepts of the valence bond theory and electronegativity.
Examples of research they have done and the contribution to the field of study:
Devised the Valence Bond Theory concepts through the teaching and understanding of how chemical compounds form and behave. These concepts being electronegativity, orbital hybridization and resonance.
In 1930’s, he used quantum chemistry to predict the properties of molecules and their structures.
Won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his research in the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
Other information: He became the 20th century’s greatest chemist when he published ‘The Nature of the Chemical Bond’ in 1939.
What does it make YOU wonder about? It makes me wonder about how Pauling’s theory were proven and what experiments are undergone to prove the Valence Bond Theory.
Unit D: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
Area of Specialty: Polish-French physicist famous for her research in radioactivity and winning 2 Nobel Prizes, the first in 1903 for Physics alongside Henry Becquerel and her husband Pierre Currie and the second in 1911 for Chemistry.
Examples of research they have done and the contribution to the field of study:
Discovered polonium and radium with the help of her husband in 1898.
Discovered radioactivity alongside Henry Becquerel and Pierre Currie in 1903 and won the nobel Prize in physics for this discovery
In 1910 her work on radioactivity was published and in 1911 she received the nobel prize in chemistry for being the first person to isolate pure radium.
Other information: She is the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only woman to win in two seperate domains. She was a lecturer in physics where she introduces a teaching method based on experimental demonstrations
What does it make YOU wonder about? This makes me wonder about the importance of radioactivity and not just what the dangers are. It also makes me think about how hard it would have been to teach/learn science before using experiments as demonstrations in class.
Unit E: Solutions and Solubility
Area of Specialty: Canadian-American chemist most well-known for his studies regarding the mechanism and oxidation-reduction process during chemical reactions, also won a Nobel Prize in 1983
Examples of research they have done and the contribution to the field of study:
Served the National Defense Research committee during World War II. Following the war he became a professor at Stanford University.
He worked at Cornell University from 1941 to 1946 as an assistant professor where he researched mainly isotopes. His study showed that in water, the ions of metals develop bonds with water molecules producing hydrates or coordination compounds. The shape and strength of the compounds vary according to the identity and state of oxidation of the ion.
He released a scientific paper in 1952 stating that rather than exchanging electrons, molecules will bond or build a “chemical bridge”.
Other information: He studied oxidation-reduction or redox reactions throughout his whole career, where electrons are gained or lost in a chemical reaction. His research has been highly utilized in the selection of metallic compounds as catalysts, superconductors and pigments.
What does it make YOU wonder about? It makes me wonder about what metals have been used the most as catalysts, superconductors and pigments. It also makes me wonder about the structure of molecules changing through bonds.
Unit F: Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry
Area of Specialty: Canadian Physicist that won a Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1971 for his work in determining the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, especially free radicals
Examples of research they have done and the contribution to the field of study:
His work provided the foundation for molecular spectroscopy. His spectroscopic studies were important in physical chemistry and quantum mechanics and helped stimulate investigation and research in the chemical reactions of gases.
Devoted a lot of research to diatomic molecules, mainly hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide. He was the first to identify the spectra of certain radicals in interstellar gas.
Main contributions are to the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy, determining the structures of manu diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
Other information: Used his spectroscopic studies in the identification of certain molecules in planetary atmospheres, in comets, and in interstellar space.
What does it make YOU wonder about? It makes me wonder about what spectroscopy entails and how the process is performed. It also makes me wonder if there are still any polyatomic or diatomic molecules still to be discovered.
Career Reports (1 per unit)
Unit B: Matter, Periodic Trends, and Chemical Bonding
A biochemist is an expert of the combination of biology and chemistry concerning the chemical processes occurring within living organisms. They look at how living organisms function at the subcellular and molecular levels.
-Study the chemical processes that occur within individual cells or processes such as cell growth and division, which affect organisms as a whole
-Establish process standards by developing methods and standards procedures
-Perform chemical analyses using sophisticated equipment and techniques
Research new ways of improving products and processes
Test the effects of drugs and toxins on human and animal cells
Analyse data and conduct literature research and review. Prepare and supervise the preparation of scientific reports/papers based on experimental data and observations
-Manage laboratories, supervise the work of technicians/students, apply for grants for research funding
-Isolate, Analyze and synthesize proteins, enzymes, DNA and other types of molecules
-Have the Thinking Interest, Building Interest, Creating interest mindset. This is a 3 step approach known as the Holland Code Framework where thinking interest involves focusing on research, investigations and increasing your understanding on natural laws. Building interest regards working with tools and machines and making or fixing practical things. Creating interest involves focusing on being original and imaginative and have the ability to work with artistic medias.
-Analytical skills to conduct experiments and analyses with accuracy and precision
-Communication skills to write and publish reports and research to a scientific or nonscientific audience
-Critical thinking skills to draw conclusions from experimental results through sound reasoning and judgement
-Strong interpersonal skills to be able work as part of a team towards a common goal
-Skills in mathematics since complex equations and formulas are used regularly, specifically calculus and statistics based math
-Perseverance and be thorough in research and your approach to problems. Involves trial and error process so you must not become discouraged in your work if the data is not what was expected
-Strong problem-solving skills since a lot of scientific experiments and analysis are used to find solutions to complex scientific problems
-Federal, Provincial and Municipal government departments
-Colleges, Universities and Research Institutes
-Biotechnology firms
-Environmental consulting firms
-Agrochemical companies
-Forensic laboratories
-Firms in other industries such as oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing and production, etc.
To get in to program:
Have strong knowledge in the following subjects: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics (Calculus and Vectors recommended)
Program required in order to be qualified:
Minimum requirement is a University undergraduate degree, yet most positions require a Masters or PhD (graduate) degree in:
-Biochemistry
-Biology
-Chemistry
-Environmental Sciences
Biochemist level I: $48,836-$64,585 annually with the average being $55,253 annually
Biochemist level II: $63,944-$76,818 annually with the average being $70,177 annually
Biochemist level III: $70,219-$86,014 annually with the average being $76,000 annually
Unit C: Chemical Reactions
Job Title: Metallurgist are material scientists that study and specialize in the physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds and their alloys. They mainly concentrate on the study of metals; their structure, composition and properties.
-Mold or combine metals in order to create desired shapes and/or properties
-Makes and compounds alloys, separating metals from their ores
-Collect field and control sample of media and metal in order to perform analyses
-Evaluate, recommend and implement metallurgical sampling and analyses
-Identify and report on metallurgical or processing issues
-Implement the best procedures for use in metallurgical analysis
-Prepare and put together reports containing highly technical data to share with stakeholders. Documents and communicate results of data
-Engage in predicting computer modelling for metallurgical engineering
-Ensure that proper health and safety documentation is provided for each task and is consistent with engineering policies and procedures. Also ensure all regulations are being followed properly.
-Monitor all microscopic samples and determine the properties of metal samples including their structure and process of erosion
-Innovative
-Organized
-Strong interpersonal and communication skills
-Problem-solving skills
-Be computer literate and have knowledge in IT
-Possess good analytical skills and think logically and with strong reasoning
-Ability to understand mathematics, science and scientific processes and methods
-Have common sense and good judgment
-Ability to focus and analyse results
-Have business awareness
-Creative, innovative and receptive towards change
-Manufacturing and Processing facilities/companies including in the aerospace products and parts industry
-Architectural engineering firms
-Scientific research and developmental services and organizations
-Federal and Provincial government departments
-Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing companies
-Metal and materials producers
-Foundries
-Specialist consultancies
-Utilities companies
-Civil Service departments
To get in to program:
Have strong knowledge and grades in the following subjects: Mathematics (Calculus), Chemistry and Physics
Program required in order to be qualified:
Must have a minimum University Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate degree) in materials science or engineering
Masters and graduate degrees are available as well yet not always required
Need to be licensed and have a degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
$65,126-$76,037 annually with an average of $70,533 annually
Unit D: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
There are 3 types of Forensic Scientists:
Based on Chemistry: Examines substances, connected to crimes against property
Based on Biology: Examine DNA and contact traces, connected to crimes against people
Based on Drugs and toxicology: Examine for illegal substances through tissue, blood or urine specimens, connected to crimes involving substances or sampling, etc.
-Analyse samples in labs such as hair, body fluids, glass, paint, drugs, etc.
-Apply techniques such a gas and high-performance chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and genetic fingerprinting
-Sort and go through evidence, often in very small amounts
-Record findings and collect trace evidence from scenes of crimes or accidents
-Attend and examine crime scenes
-Work with teams and coordinate investigations with outside agencies such as the police
-Analyse and interpret the results and computer data
-Present findings of an investigation in written and/or oral format
-Justify findings and serve as an expert witness under cross-examination in courts
-Research and develop new forensic techniques
-Not all work in crimes, some strictly work in labs, these scientists must ensure all laboratory protocols are followed accordingly
-Take initiative in very analytical work where you need to be attentive, detail oriented and very meticulous
-Have a persistent and enquiring mind
-Have a logical, unbiased and methodical approach when it comes to problem solving
-Work well independently or in a team
-Strong written and oral communication skills
-Ability to meet deadlines
-Have good color vision
-Strong critical-thinking skills
-Deductive reasoning
-Ability to remain calm under stressful circumstances/situations
-Accept criticism and work well under pressure
-Have good compute and IT skills
-Municipal, Provincial and Federal government departments
-Hospitals (for example in psychiatric and drug-abuse hospitals)
-Investigation and Security services/organizations
-Medical and diagnostic laboratories
-In law-enforcement (local or provincial or federal police services)
-Crime laboratories
To get in to program:
Have strong knowledge and grades in: Biology, Chemistry, Advanced Functions and Calculus and Vectors. Physics is also recommended.
Program required in order to be qualified:
-Entry levels positions require an undergraduate degree in forensic science or related fields such as biology, chemistry, physics, biochemistry or toxicology
-More advanced positions require a Masters degree such as working with DNA analysis or ballistics
$43,544-$115,250 annually with an average of $74,939 annually
Unit E: Solutions and Solubility
Job Title: Toxicologist is an expert in the study of toxicology. Toxicology is the study of adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents such as drugs or poisons in living organisms. This study overlaps the fields of biology, chemistry, pharmacology and medicine.
-Research and assess the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings
-Design, plan and perform studies and experiments
-Identify and test hypothesis using appropriate analytical techniques to identify and quantify toxins
-Analyse and interpret data
-Provide evidence in courts
-Write scientific reports, studies and papers explaining your findings during experiments
-Study relevant and modern literature
-Perform risk-assessments to determine the likelihood of harmful effects
-Assist in establishing regulations to protect humans, animals and the environment
-Collaborate and share research findings with other staff or scientists in the same or related fields
-Advise on the safe-handling of toxic substances and radiation in the production or in the event of an accident
-Use experimental data to evaluate a drug’s toxicity and create a safety profile for the drug
-Perform a variety of tests using specialised equipment and techniques for example in vivo and in vitro testing
-Have an organised and methodical approach type work ethic
-Pay great attention to detail and be meticulous
-Excellent problem-solving skills
-Good written and verbal communication skills to present data and findings to scientist or non-scientists (for example the public)
-Strong interpersonal skills and the ability to work as part of a team
-Ability to manage time properly and independently
-Ability to be flexible and accept change
-Multitask and meet tight deadlines
-Have strong scientific reading and writing skills to be able to generate reports with your findings
-Be self-motivated and proactive
-Water, pharmaceutical and chemical companies
-Health and safety executive
-Environmental agencies
-Universities in research departments or as professors
-Research centres
-Hospitals
-Forensic laboratories
-Specialist research organisation and consultancies
-Provincial or federal government departments
To get in to program:
Have strong knowledge and grades in: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics (Advanced Functions) and English
Program required in order to be qualified:
-Minimum requirement is an undergraduate degree in toxicology or related sciences such as biochemistry, pharmacology, environmental sciences or forensic sciences
-Masters and graduate degrees (PhD’s) are availables for higher positions
$67,817-$99,323 annually with an average of $82,246 annually
Unit F: Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry
Job Title: Anesthesiologist are physician specializing in perioperative care, developing anesthetic plans and administering anesthetics. They ensure the safety of the patient undergoing surgery and provide care to prevent any pain or distress throughout the procedure. They either provide 2 types of anesthetics, the first is anesthetics as a form of sedation through intravenous medications to change the level of consciousness of the patient and the second is where they provide regional anesthesia such as a nerve block or epidural procedure.
-Administer anesthetic or sedation during medical procedures using local, intravenous, spinal or caudal methods
-Confer with other medical professionals to determine the type and method of anesthetic or sedation to render patient insensible to plain
-Coordinate administration of anesthetics with surgeons during operations
-Decide when patients have recovered and stabilized enough to be sent to another room or ward or home if they are undergoing outpatient surgery
-Examine patient, obtain a medical history and use diagnostic tests to determine the risks during surgical, obstetrical and other medical procedures
-Monitor patient before, during and after anesthesia and counteract adverse reactions or complications
-Record type and amount of anesthesia used and the patient’s condition throughout the procedure
-Conduct medical research to aid in controlling and curing disease, to investigate new medications and develop and test new medical techniques
-Coordinate and direct the work of nurses, medical technicians and other healthcare providers
-Once experienced, learn and teach students types and methods of anesthesia administration, signs of complications and emergency methods to counteract reactions
-Position patient on operating table to maximize patient comfort and surgical accessibility
-Educate patients and families on post-procedure care and possible complications; also instruct on different ways to prevent disease and improve health
-Ability to stand for long periods of time
-Good communication skills, especially verbal
-Good organization and critical thinking skills
-Ability to focus on a task in a fast-paced and busy environment
-Compassionate demeanor and focus on patient care
-Ability to make quick decisions and have good judgment in high-pressure settings
-Strong leadership skills
-Active listening skills
-Controlling and operating equipment or systems
-Reading, writing and comprehension skills
-Proper speaking skills
-Good at multitasking and have the ability to monitor multiple things at once
-Medical clinics
-Hospitals, in surgical units, labour and delivery unit and in Intensive care units
-Outpatient surgical centres
-Dental offices
-Pain management offices
-Anesthesia management companies
To get in to program:
Have strong knowledge and grades in:
Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics. Psychology is also recommended but not mandatory.
Program required in order to be qualified:
-Attain a Bachelor of Science in anesthesiology or natural science (4 year programs)
-Go to medical school and receive certification from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons as an anesthesiologist (4 years)
-Complete at least one year of residency training
$97,677 - $402,365 annually with an average of $200,728 annually
