Thursday, February 25, 2021

Maud Menten

 Maud Menten

“She who had a vision, enthusiasm, and compassion.”


Born in the year 1879 in Port Lambton Ontario, Maud Menten became a scientist of many wonders, with one of the most famous names in Biochemistry. After earning her medical degree at the University of Toronto, Menten threatened to trash her medical career in exchange for another study, but thankfully decided otherwise. Had it not been for her, the equation she created that is vital to the first lessons in biochemistry would never have been founded. The equation, named for Menten and her German counterpart, Leonor Michaelis, is critical in understanding how enzymes work. The Michaelis-Menten equation has helped scientists discover methods to block enzyme reactions. 


Interestingly, the first woman said to have graduated from the University of Toronto in medicine was another successful subject… But really Menten was the first woman to get an advanced medical degree. As of today, that is now called a PhD - making her one of very few women to acquire such a degree in the presence of the masculine laboratories of the date. She completed her thesis work at the University of Chicago, as Canadian women were not allowed to do thesis work at the time, so she completed hers in both the United States and in Germany.


In 1912, Menten moved to Berlin to work with Michaelis on their equation, as well as to write a co written paper titled Biochemische Zeitscrifte. The paper stated that the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is proportional to the enzyme substrate complex. The relationship between reaction rate and enzyme substrate concentration is the equation the two women came up with - The Michaelis Menten equation. 


Citations 

Government of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research. “Maud Menten New Principal Investigator Prizes in Genetics.” CIHR, 21 Feb. 2020, cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/51348.html. 

“Maud Leonora Menten.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/biography/Maud-Leonora-Menten. 



Epilepsy


Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that tends to genetically show as a person begins puberty. In my family, epilepsy is a well known disease, as my sister Kyla suffers from three different types of seizures. She was diagnosed at the age of 12 after having a cluster of Tonic Clonic seizures (the flailing seizure), Absence seizures and Myoclonic seizures (twitches). My parents immediately began looking for possible medications that could put the seizures to rest, and came across quite a few methods.  

The most common anti-epileptic drug on the market is Lamotrigine, a medication labelled as an anticonvulsant. This drug belongs to the phenyltriazine class and can also be used as a mood stabilizer (for those dealing with bipolar disorder). Lamotrigine acts on the central nervous system to control the severity and/or number of seizures one endures. Its overall function is to suppress the activity of certain parts of the brain and the abnormal firing of nerve cells that cause seizures. Lamotrigine targets the overactive cells that exist in people with epilepsy and decreases their activity, returning the brain to a normal state of being. 


Lamotrigine is a very versatile medication, and can be used in the treatment of many different diseases/disorders. As another example, I have an older brother who suffers from Cerebral Palsy. One of the medications he also takes is Lamotrigine, as it is a drug that takes on many forms of aid. It has also been proven to aid in Huntington’s Disease. The degeneration of nerve cells in HD is caused by the fragility of its glutamate. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is used to pass information from one nerve cell to another and those who are suffering from HD have very low glutamate levels. In this case, the lamotrigine acts as an anti-glutamate drug that interferes with the sodium channels, creating a false neurotransmitter to mimic what glutamate would do for one’s body. In 2002, a lab was carried out to test whether Lamotrigine actually helps or whether it’s just placebo. Cognitive improvements were seen in both verbal fluency and digit modalities. Lamotrigine is a drug that can be used in many forms, as it is quite flexible. 


Citations

Epilepsy Ottawa, epilepsyottawa.ca/. 

“Epilepsy.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 5 May 2020, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093. 

“Fund Research: Find a Cure.” Epilepsy Canada, www.epilepsy.ca/. 

“What Is Epilepsy? Disease or Disorder?” Epilepsy Foundation, 21 Jan. 2014, www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-epilepsy. 

“What Is Nanotechnology?” Home, www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. 


The ever growing additives!


Chemicals such as additives are essential to our human lives. They are known to improve storage life, improve the flavour of foods, increases the nutritional value, makes food easy to prepare as well as enhances the attractiveness of most products… So many positives! 


Organic compounds are standard molecules that contain carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms (C-H bond). All organic compounds have a hydrocarbon backbone, whether or not they also have a mixture of other compounds (typically oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus1). As humans, we have organic compounds in our bodies that make up our macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, protein). Although it is essential that we have organic compounds, additives can be detrimental to our wellbeing. 


The history

The use of additives is not something new to our world. After the french revolution, a man by the name of Antoine Lavoisier - a chemistry influencer and modern father of nutrition - was one of the first to demonstrate how metabolism works, which is clearly very important in understanding the digestion of food2. Prior to his findings, the only way in which people could analyze food was through organoleptic means. This refers to using your taste, smell, touch, sight and sound. The ancient Egyptians also practiced methods of additives, such as food colours, seasonings, spices and flavours. In the 1400’s during the rise of the Columbian Exchange, the silk road and boating led to the spread of Egypt’s additives to the rest of the new world. 


Inhibits 

Thanks to additives, the quality of food we have today has improved drastically. Additives amplify the condition of the taste, smell, colour and texture of foods. They preserve the flavour and enhance the taste and appearance. Additives such as food dye are often used to represent a flavour as well, for example purple typically equates to grape flavouring. Additives are added to food to serve a technological and chemical purpose, and are not to be eaten on their own. Some additives that are common in our day to day lives are:


Below is a list of additives, those in red are ones that tend to be dangerous.

  1. Colour additives: Dehydrated beets (bluish-red), annatto extract (yellow)3

  2. Dough strengtheners: pH regulators, redox agents, emulsifiers4

  3. Flavours and spices

  4. Humectants: Moisture preservers

  5. Aspartame: Sugar substitute in beverages; an artificial non-saccharide sweetener that is 200 times sweeter than sucrose.  

  6. Benzoic acid: Salts that are used as food preservatives.

  7. Sodium benzoate: A pickling salt 

  8. Monosodium glutamate (MSG): Added to processed foods, typically chinese food and canned vegetables. 

  9. Anti-caking agents: Stop food from becoming sticky.

  10. Antioxidants: Prevent food from moulding 

  11. Emulsifiers: Stops fats from clumping together 

  12. Food acids: Help maintain the right acid levels

  13. Preservatives: Stops microbes from multiplying and spoiling food 

  14. Mineral salts: Enhance texture and flavour

  15. Vegetable gums:Enhances texture and consistency 

  16. Flour treatment 

  17. Glazing agent:”


There are two types of food additives. The first are direct, meaning that they are typically added by a company through a food processor (canned goods). The second are indirect food additives, typically happen and are added momentarily through the processing, growing or packaging phases of shipment. 


Impact on human health

Added sugar

Sugar is an immunosuppressant, meaning that it can weaken the immune system when eaten in large quantities. Sugar interferes with the act of immune-boosting lymphocytes, which is what causes people to get canker sores and cold sores after eating sweets. The sugar quantity is so pure that it causes you to be more susceptible to infections, typically in your mouth as it comes in direct contact with the sugar additives. 

Increased sugar in the body leads to a rapid production of insulin due to a spike in blood sugar. Insulin helps your body store glucose, which is found in most juices, fruits and sugary treats. The overproduction of insulin can lead to the development of cancer cells, as insulin receptors feed off of cancer cells. Once those receptors open up, they give leeway to stimulate the division of the cancer cell, therefore multiplying it5

It is not uncommon that people are particularly sensitive to additives, that often give off the symptoms of either hives or diarrhea. Severe allergic reactions were also noted from asthmatics when the FDA reported a high severe reaction after the ingestion of sulfites. Sulfites are typically found on produce as they prevent discolouration or spoilage of foods. 


Personal profession:

As you can see, there are quite a few impacts on human health in regards to additives. Not just human health, but the world's health as a whole is frequently put into jeopardy due to additives. 

My family of 6 has been zero waste for as long as I can remember. Prior to my adoption in 2007,  my parents were minimalists and vegans. Once they found out that they were going to be adopting my sister Kyla and I, they switched their lifestyle to a vegetarian one so that consumable nutrients were easier to fulfill. 

As a child, I used to do the “Saturday shopping run” with my mom. We’d go to your average grocery store with our biodegradable mesh bags and cloth satchels. It is unbelievable the amount of unnecessary packaging there is these days. A single cucumber? Yeah, let’s wrap it in plastic that will outrun our lives in terms of lifespan. There’s so much wrapping that is uncalled for when looking around a grocery store. 

The summer’s were always the best in my household. We would buy all our veggies and fruits locally, to stray away from the pesticides and additives that are so commonly used in mass production. 

On top of buying locally, we also had our own garden that gave us a bountiful amount of goods. We typically grow radishes, lettuce, squash, zucchini, tomatoes, avocados, spices and figs from our fig trees. Our neighbour has an apple tree as well, so it was fairly easy to find fresh food. We have a drainage system for our water, so that on rainy days, the water that ends up in our eavesdrops is circulated and is connected to a barrel system that we can depend on for watering our plants. 

In the winter, we clearly cannot farm our own goods, so like many others, we rely heavily on mass production. Believe me, after being exposed to the freshness of home grown food, grocery store goods are no match. Let’s use an apple as an example. When my neighbour grows apples, we pick them, give them a good rinse, and then they’re good to eat. Store bought apples are a little different. You see, store bought apples are always shiny and look fairly crisp. This is thanks to the waxy coating that covers all store bought apples. The wax serves the purpose of most additives or pesticides; it prevents moisture in the apple from escaping, lengthening the storage time of the fruit. The use of wax is also called “anaerobic respiration”, meaning that the wax acts as an oxygen barrier for the apple. 

If you don’t believe me about apple wax, try this little experiment. Go to your usual grocery store and buy an apple, any apple of your choice. Grab a knife and begin scraping at the apples' surface. You should notice that a waxy layer starts to pull away from the apple. No amount of washing will “rid” the apple of its waxy coating. So you may wonder, “do I just eat the wax then?” NO! Absolutely not! Rather than washing your apples with water and soap, wash them with vinegar. Vinegar’s properties are strong enough to pull away the adhesive additive that gives apples their waxy glow. That way, you don’t end up eating this waxy film that is no good for you. 


Additives and pesticides… They improve storage life, the taste, nutritional value and make food SO easy to prepare. I hope that by reading my blog post, you will be able to see that “all that glitters is not gold”. In this case, a shiny apple with pesticides seems appealing, but when you hear all the negative health impacts that it carries with it, it’s not so appealing after all. So, wash your fruits! Wash your vegetables! Buy locally! Promote gardening! Let us put an end to these ever growing additives!   


Canadian scientist: Gerhard Herzberg

 Canadian scientist: Gerhard Herzberg 


Although this famous scientist was not originally born in Canada, he became a Canadian in his adult life. Born in Hamburg, Germany on the fifth of December, 1904. The support that Herzberg was provided with came solely from his mother, who became a widow when Herzberg was 10 years of age. His mother eventually emigrated to Wyoming to claim a housekeeping position, but would often send money back to both of her sons living in Germany. As a young teenager, Herzberg immersed himself in chemistry, mathematics and physics. In high school, Herzberg had a teacher by the name of Herr Hillers, who taught him about Niels Bohr and many theories that were driving physics at the time. In 1928, Herzberg (age 24) completed his Doctor of Engineering Physics degree and also published 12 papers in atomic and molecular physics. He was a flourishing scientist. 


In August of 1935, Herzberg was forced to leave Germany and became a Canadian refugee. His wife was Jewish and with the Nazi’s on the rise in Germany, they needed to flee. He resided in Saskatoon, Canada. Freshly planted in Canada, Herzberg took up a guest professorship at the University of Saskatchewan. Unable to pay the school fees, he was able to use funds from the Carnegie Foundation to support his career on the rise. 


Months later, Herzberg was appointed as the professor of physics, a job in which he claimed until 1945. He then travelled to Chicago, IL to attend the University of Chicago to study astronomy, a subject that he had loved since his childhood, but never had the credentials to make a living from it. While in Chicago, Herzberg established a laboratory for investigating the planetary spectra, creating methods that became the standard worldwide. Herzberg made his return to Canada in 1948, as his family had missed Saskatoon, to take on the position of a Principal Research Officer in the physics department. Herzberg held that position until 1969. 


As for contributions, Herzberg reclaimed quite a few. Him and his team determined the structure of a lot of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. He also determined certain molecules in the planetary atmosphere and comets. Spectroscopy was Herzberg’s focus and he became the active President of many international organizations. He was also claimed the President of the Canadian Association of Physicists for the year 1956-1957. 


Herzberg brought many new discoveries to Canadian researchers who relished in his many findings. His contributions to the electronic structure and geometry of molecules (with regards to physics). Herzberg died at the age of ninety five in March of 1999.


Citations

“Gerhard Herzberg: McGill-Queen's University Press.” Gerhard Herzberg | McGill-Queen's University Press, www.mqup.ca/gerhard-herzberg-products-9780660187570.php. 

Government of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. “NSERC - Gerhard Herzberg - About the Scientist.” Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), 23 July 2020, www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Prizes-Prix/Herzberg-Herzberg/Scientist-Scientifique_eng.asp. 

“The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1971/herzberg/biographical/. 


Friday, February 12, 2021

Banting Bird Feeder and Great Backyard Bird Count Challange

Hello Everyone,

I decided to participate in the Bird Feeder and Great Backyard Bird Count Challenge this weekend and I hope you do to! It was a nice way to give myself an activity at home that wasn't just on the computer. It was a new and exciting activity to keep things interesting. Not to mention something that allowed me to be creative. Speaking of which, why I chose to do a barn themed feeder is because I live on my parents farm so I though it would be cute if it matched my barn. I made as slide of my journey with my bird feeder. Link bellow!


Have a great weekend! 

 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1_AhJyaXtqYF2kxFJWhgWerbbcu2hmxXqJJoWgz5JHv8/edit?usp=sharing

Wednesday, February 10, 2021

COVID19 and Me: A telling of my personal experience with the coronavirus

 Friday the 26th of June, 2020

I woke up and was relieved that my schedule was cleared, apart from a shift at work. It was at3:30-7:00 pm, so I was happy to go in. I remember dressing up extra that day because I had time. My mother drove me to work, and I clocked in on time. I work in retail, so I had lots of tasks to follow the new guidelines in place. I worked in the fitting rooms, where I spoke with a coworker who happens to be in nursing school, about the coronavirus.  I remembered before it became a pandemic, he had shared with me the ideology that it was all planned by the Chinese government for population control. I distinctly remember saying “Maybe it’s all fake, like, do you know anyone who’s had it?” I of course said it ironically, I knew and understood the reality, which at that point was 172 cases in Ontario, and 177 012 worldwide. We continued to joke and smile behind our masks for around 20 minutes. I was then put to the task of steaming clothing that had been tried on in the changerooms. I did this alongside another coworker, but we were constantly moving around the store, so we were never together at less than two meters apart for longer than 15 minutes. I then took the bus home at the end of my shift. I walked the 15-minute walk from the bus station pleased with my day. 


Monday the 29th of June, 2020

I woke up early. Today was supposed to be the first day of me babysitting a young boy in my neighbourhood. His parents and I had arranged a Monday to Thursday morning routine. I would arrive at 9 am and stay until 11 am. I was nervous, but I knew the family and the boy well enough to know that I was going to have a fun day. The only issue was, I couldn’t get out of bed. 

I texted his mother to let her know that I wouldn’t be able to make it and the babysitting would have to start tomorrow. I finally did get out of bed, with extremely weak legs. My heart rate jumped as soon as I stood up, from 60 bpm to 100 bpm. I was lightheaded, my abdomen hurt, and I felt dizzy, almost like I was having a vertigo attack. Immediately my mind jumped to the best fitting diagnosis. I decided to diagnose myself with POTS, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. This would account for the weak legs, dizziness upon standing, and the jump in heart rate. I was still puzzled by the abdominal pain, though. I spent the day moving slowly and thoughtfully and planning my next move in terms of health. I knew I should call my doctor, as my own health anxiety isn’t enough to merit diagnosing capabilities. 


Tuesday the 30th of June, 2020

I wasn’t feeling 100 percent. Walking was more laboured. My breathing was harsh as I marched to babysit. I had a mask in my bag, but I was never prompted by the parents to put one on, so it slipped my mind. I spent the morning trudging in the heat around my neighbourhood, trailing behind the 6-year-old boy. We sat by the Ottawa River and ate snacks, I was convinced that my “episode” the day prior was a mix between low blood sugar, low blood pressure, potentially POTS, and maybe my anemia coming back. Naturally, my treatment option was logically eating foods with natural sugar. 

That night, I spent the majority of my time in my then boyfriend’s car, driving around the city with him and his best friend. We spent close to three hours in close proximity, with no masks. At the time, my boyfriend was in my social bubble, so we didn’t wear masks around each other. That night after I got home, I decided that I’d call my doctor about my symptoms. I knew that she’d question if I’d ever been tested for the coronavirus, so I decided to be proactive and get tested before I called, “just to rule it out” I said to myself. 


Wednesday the 1st of July, 2020

I called my boss and told him that I wouldn’t be able to go in for my shift that day as I was getting tested, and you’re expected to self isolate after a test. My sisters joked that I was only going to get tested to avoid working.  I wondered if they were right and I was subconsciously avoiding my work. 


I got dropped off at the testing facility and was greeted by volunteers, there was no line. I walked in and waited to tell a nurse my symptoms so she could plug them into the computer. I listed every possible symptom. Fatigue, mild chest pain, dizziness when standing, faint, abdominal pain, along with others. She placed me under the “asymptomatic group,” as I had none of the primary symptoms. I was processed and given a wristband, my name was called and I was asked to relay my symptoms again. I repeated everything I had told the first nurse. This nurse looked at me puzzled, she explained to me that chest pain was not a known symptom of the coronavirus, and she recommended that I speak to one of the on-site doctors and have my vitals taken. I reluctantly said yes, as I was already quite scared. Nevertheless, I was moved to the “symptomatic” group and was soon called by a third nurse. This nurse took my blood O2, blood pressure, and heart rate. All of these came back average, although my heart rate was higher than usual for me as, again, I was nervous. Once this was completed, I sat back down, and my more aggressive symptoms started to occur. I felt lightheaded and as if I couldn’t breathe, almost as if someone was pressing on my trachea. I tried to calm myself down, and tell myself that I was just nervous. After what felt like a lifetime, a young female doctor called my name and brought me to a private examining room. She asked me to describe both my present symptoms, when I had first noticed them and took a brief history. She then swabbed both the back of my throat and my two nostrils with a swabbing tool quickly and discreetly. Once she handed off my test to a collecting nurse, she explained that I could have an ECG done at the facility, just to check more in-depth at my chest. I agreed, as I'd had one done before and they didn’t bother me. 


Another nurse came by to give me an ECG, which went smoothly. I waited in a second, smaller waiting room for the results. The same doctor came to me and said that the results were normal, but she was afraid that my electrolytes were causing the chest pain. She then informed me that I could have my blood drawn at the facility as well. I was getting quite tired at this point, but I once again agreed as I was approaching my 6-month mark of needing bloodwork. I sat in a chair, watching a nurse prepare a needle. She said to me as she was wiggling the needle in my arm, trying to get a vein, that she doesn’t normally work with needles. She pressed and wiggled the needle, but was unsuccessful in getting a vein. She told me, “either you have very small veins, or you’re very dehydrated.” Both were true, I’ve been told previously that I have exceptionally small veins, and I had been at the facility for over three hours at that point without water. Another nurse who normally works in the OR and puts in IVs more frequently then came over to try my other arm. She was also unsuccessful despite her pushing on my vein, tightening the tourniquet, and moving the needle left and right in my arm. Eventually, an older nurse came to observe what was happening, and she ended up coaching the or nurse on how to get my vein. After three tries, blood finally started to fill the vial. Feeling drained, I was almost disappointed to hear that after all that, all my bloodwork came back normal. The doctor told me that I was probably extremely dehydrated, and that was the cause of my symptoms. 


Thursday the 2nd of July, 2020

Not even 24 hours later, I received a call from Ottawa Public Health. I had tested positive for the coronavirus. What was to happen next was explained to me, and I hung up the phone. I told my family immediately to get tested, as it was likely that they all had contracted the coronavirus from me, or I could have caught it from one of them. I then told everyone I had seen in the past two weeks that I had tested positive. A public health nurse called me and spoke to me for over 45 minutes, trying to effectively contact trace. I learnt after the phone call that my estimated date of contraction was on Friday, so I had accidentally caused a minor case of mass hysteria, as I was over cautious and had told individuals to get tested unnecessarily. This resulted in a lot of commotion, and a lot of misplaced anger. 


In the end, no one I had been in contact with had contracted the coronavirus. Not my family, not my then-boyfriend, none of my coworkers, or my boyfriend’s friend. Public Health was never able to determine how I contracted the virus. I spent just over two weeks confined to my four bedroom walls. I often had no symptoms during the day but had difficulty breathing at night, similar to how I felt in the waiting room the day I got tested. 


My story is not unique. I wore masks when I was outside of my bubble, I socialized at a distance. I, in the end, did everything right. This means that whoever passed the coronavirus to me probably wasn’t taking the same precautions. I’ll include an excerpt from my Facebook post in regards to this subject. 


Please be cautious, please be kind. There’s no use pointing fingers, as if you contract it, you’ve likely not been following the guidelines, either. Wear a mask, as its purpose is mostly to protect yourself from others. Practice social distancing, even with your small circle. I do not have a severe or even moderate case, but I cannot stress enough the individual effort you must practice to keep yourself and your loved ones safe. Don’t play Russian Roulette with your health.”


Contribution of a Scientist

Name of Scientist: Alfred Nobel

 

Area(s) of Specialty: Chemistry and engineering

 

Examples of research he has done:

When working in a chemical laboratory in Paris, Alfred Nobel met the Italian (Ascanio Sobrero) who had invented the highly explosive liquid nitroglycerine which was considered too dangerous for practical use. Nobel and his father worked together to make nitroglycerine safe for mass production by adding glycerol and sulfuric acid to the substance. By 1864 the substance was safe for practical use and ready for mass production.

 

Two years later in 1866, Nobel developed dynamite by mixing nitroglycerine with a fine sand called kieselguhr which helped it have a paste like consistency that could be rolled into cylinders and therefore more easily placed in locations. It allowed for the explosive to be contained and there was less risk for leakage and other areas being exploded that shouldn’t. It reduced the cost and sped up the process for making tunnels as they no longer had to drill and could use dynamite instead.       

 

Other information to note:

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm Sweden and had two older brothers. As a child he was interested in poetry and drama. His father was also an engineer and inventor who later moved to Russia when Nobel was still a boy to make and sell sea mines to the Russian Army at the time.

 

When Nobel was testing various chemicals such as nitroglycerine, an experiment ended up killing his younger brother and others. After the incident occurred, the city of Stockholm banned the experiments in the city limits. He began testing his explosives at the bottom of lakes, which was much safer.

 

After his chemicals were given approval for production, Nobel began opening manufacturing plants all over Europe. He later hired a secretary named Bertha von Sutter and they became good friends. Von Sutter was very involved in the peace movement, and she inspired him to create the Nobel Peace Prize and he used most of his large fortune to fund prizes for those who have work in chemistry, physics, literature whose work has helped humanity.  

 

What does this make you wonder further about?

This makes me wonder about what infrastructure would not have been able to be developed or how much more time certain infrastructure projects would have taken had dynamite not been developed.

 

Sources used:

 

“Alfred Nobel's Life and Work.” NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-life-and-work/  

The Great Backyard Bird Count


 Hello, fellow Bantites! The backyard bird count is happening! Rejoice! Be sure to bow down to our bird overlords and offer seeds as tribute! Build our lord's pedestal with material from the azure bin of legends. The birdemic is upon us, but do not fear, we have birds to feed! Good tidings Fredites.

Monday, February 8, 2021

Contribution of a Scientist

 Contribution of a Scientist - Julia Levy 

By  Jersey GB      Course: SNC1P Date: Feb 7, 2021


Name of Scientist

Julia Levy 

Area(s) of Specialty

Microbiology and Immunology 

Examples of research s/he has done and the contribution to the field of study

1. 

She founded a spinoff company called Quadra Logic Technologies (QLT Inc.) to continue work on a new photodynamic drug called Photofrin that would be effective against cancer. She originally worked at the lab in the company Johnson and Johnson where they found this new drug but wanted to make this drug its own as Johnson and Johnson was discontinuing their research on Photofrin. Julia decided that she wanted to take over the company that was making Photofrin because she knew the value of it to treat cancer.



2. 

In 1993 the Canadian government approved Photofrin for the use against bladder cancer. At this time it was already being used for the treatment of skin, lung, stomach and cervix cancer. During the 1990’s QLT started new research projects to start looking at photodynamic therapy to treat autoimmune diseases. Some of the diseases were arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Levy believed that Photofrin could be used to cure other diseases.


3. 

QLT’s biggest success is Visudyne, which is a photodynamic drug for the treatment of the eye disease called macular degeneration. This treatment works when the active ingredient in Photofrin is exposed to a wavelength of light. Visudyne is QLT’s biggest money making product as of 2004. This treatment doesn’t need fancy equipment to work because they can shine the light directly into the person's eye. It only took Levy and her team 5 years to be ready to test on human patients. She worked on this treatment with an ophthalmologist named Ursula Schmidt.



Other information of note

By 2004 QLT was the top world leader in sales of drugs that treat macular degeneration, and was one of the most successful high-tech companies in Canada. Levy thinks that even though researchers know alot about the biology of cancer cells, how they develop is still one of the biggest questions around.



What does this make you wonder further about?

It’s interesting how the discovery of photodynamic drug treatment can be applied to so many different diseases. It makes me wonder what it can be used for next?


References:

http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=12

Singapore gives out pocket-sized device to trace coronavirus 14/09/2020

https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/world/singapore-gives-out-pocket-sized-device-to-trace-coronavirus-496585/


Singapore is handing out pocket-sized COVID-19 contact-tracing devices which is part of a planned nationwide rollout to help the city-state safely reopen its economy. Box-shaped devices use Bluetooth signals to record nearby devices and store encrypted data of users' close contacts.


If a user tests positive for COVID-19, the device has to be given to authorities to extract the data on other people they have potentially exposed to the virus. Elderly residents have been prioritized because they are less likely to have smartphones and own the existing app that Singapore had created for contact-tracing, and they are also more vulnerable to the disease.


The contact-tracing app has been downloaded by roughly 40% of Singaporean residents, although it has encountered problems on Apple devices, where the operating system suspends Bluetooth scanning. This means that Bluetooth can only accurately run if the app is open, if the user closes the app, Apple automatically turns off Bluetooth scanning. 


The city-state to date has had 57454 cases in total, with only 27 deaths. Roughly 1% of the Singaporean population has contracted the coronavirus since March 1st, 2020.


Study: Streaming raises CO2 emissions

https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2020/sep/13/study-streaming-raises-co2-emissions/


Streaming high-definition videos and games can result in significant greenhouse gas emissions, depending on the technology used, according to a German government-backed study released Thursday. Germany's Federal Environment agency calculated the amount of carbon dioxide produced by data centers where the material is stored for streaming, and by the transmission technology used to get it to consumers. 


Streaming video over fibre optic cables results in the lowest amount of CO2 emissions which turned out to be 2 grams per hour. Using copper cables produces twice that amount, while 3G mobile technology results in a hefty 90 grams of CO2 per hour. 


Shockingly, data centers accounted for only a small share of the overall energy use, although the amount varied significantly depending on how efficiently servers were used and cooled, according to the report.


German Environment Minister Svenja Schulze explained that the study was an attempt to provide solid data for decision-makers, as digital infrastructure has become increasingly important at the same time as countries try to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.


Scientists make digital breakthrough in chemistry that could revolutionize the drug industry

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/24/how-a-digital-breakthrough-could-revolutionize-drug-industry.html


In June, the U.S. government purchased the vast majority of world’s supply of remdesivir—a FDA-approved antiviral treatment for Covid-19—for July through September. Gilead, the company that makes the compound, recently announced that it would meet international demand by the end of October.


A dozen such chemical computers or “chemputers” sit in the University of Glasgow lab of Lee Cronin, the chemist who designed the bird’s nest of tubing, pumps, and flasks, and wrote the remdesivir code that runs on it. He’s spent years dreaming of a future where researchers can distribute and produce molecules as easily as they email and print PDFs, making not being able to order a drug as archaic as not being able to locate a modern text.


Cronin and his colleagues described their machine’s capability to produce multiple molecules last year, and now they’ve taken a second major step toward digitizing chemistry with an accessible way to program with the machine. Their software turns academic papers into chemputer-executable programs that researchers can edit without learning to code, they announced earlier this month.